Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionised our world. They power our smartphones, laptops, and even some vehicles. However, like many advanced technologies, they come with potential dangers, especially if not treated with care. Here’s a deeper dive into the health and safety risks associated with these batteries, with a special focus on Christmas gifts.
Wha are lithium-ion batteries?
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that relies on lithium ions moving between the positive and negative electrodes to function. Since their introduction in the late 20th century, they’ve become a popular choice due to their ability to store a large amount of energy in a relatively small and light package. This makes them ideal for many applications, including consumer devices such as mobile devices, laptops, and electric vehicles.
Lithium-ion batteries are not without their drawbacks, however. As well as being more expensive than other types of batteries – a cost that is generally passed on to the consumer – lithium-ion batteries degrade over a relatively short period of time, losing charge and total capacity over a period of two to three years, both naturally and through repeated charging cycles. They also pose a fire hazard due to malfunction and overcharging, which makes them a particular hazard on planes and other forms of transport.
Why we use lithium-ion batteries
There have been various different types of batteries made since their invention, many of which remain in use. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries used to be the most common rechargeable batteries applications before the rise of lithium-ion. They had obvious drawbacks, however: they’re heavier, have a lower energy density, and suffer from the “memory effect”, where they lose their maximum energy capacity if they’re repeatedly recharged after being only partially discharged.
Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries came next, and have a higher energy density and reduced memory effect compared to NiCd, but they still don’t store as much energy as Li-ion batteries. Lead Acid batteries meanwhile are great for cars, as they provide high surge currents, but their weight and size is a bad fit for portable electronics. The other main battery type is one you might be familiar with: Alkaline batteries. These are the common non-rechargeable batteries you might put in a controller or kid’s toy. They’re relatively cheap and can be rechargeable, but have a shorter useful lifespan than Li-ion batteries.
The potential dangers of lithium-ion batteries
The obvious danger of lithium-ion batteries – and most other kinds of battery – is that of fires and explosions. If punctured, short-circuited, overcharged, or exposed to high temperatures, the flammable electrolytes inside mean lithium-ion batteries can catch fire, or even explode. While rare, these incidents can cause severe injuries or property damage, and pose a major risk on vehicles such as aeroplanes.
While Li-ion batteries have a longer life than most, they are also prone to leaking when they degrade or are damaged. If a battery becomes compromised, it may leak a corrosive substance that can cause chemical burns upon contact with skin, as well as damaging the components of any device it’s inside.
A lesser-appreciated risk of Li-ion batteries is toxic inhalation: If a lithium-ion battery catches fire, it can release toxic fumes, which are harmful to inhale. Breathing in these fumes can result in respiratory issues as well as more serious health complications. These batteries are also seriously harmful if ingested, and can cause serious injury or even death in children and infants.
Lithium-ion batteries in Christmas gifts
With the holiday season approaching, there are few gifts under the tree that won’t be electronic. While smaller toys may be more likely to contain alkaline batteries (or more likely require you to buy them yourself), bigger gadgets such as phones and portable games consoles will likely be powered by lithium-ion batteries, as will dad favourites such as rechargeable power tools.
Perhaps the biggest safety factor with these devices is the manufacturing quality. Especially with cheaper or off-brand products, there’s a risk that the included batteries might not meet safety standards. Some may lack crucial safety features, or could be more prone to faults. Products imported from outside Europe or bought from cheap online marketplaces may not be compliant with EU and UK safety standards, or even be compliant with UK power supplies.
The biggest takeaway for anyone buying any kind of battery-powered Christmas gift is to supervise any children charging and using it. Kids often receive electronic toys or gadgets as gifts, and charging them unsupervised could pose an electrocution risk, or see them using the wrong cable. This could lead to overcharging or incorrect connection, increasing the risk of a battery failure. It pays to be vigilant about these gifts, at least for a week or so after they’re unwrapped.
Lithium-ion battery safety tips
Whether it’s Christmastime or not, it’s essential to prioritise battery safety. Here are some tips to ensure the safe use of lithium-ion batteries:
- Buy from reputable brands: Avoid purchasing off-brand or counterfeit products. Reputable brands are more likely to have rigorous safety standards and testing procedures.
- Avoid overcharging: Always unplug devices once they’re fully charged. Many modern devices have overcharge protection, but it’s always safer not to put too much faith in this feature.
- Inspect batteries regularly: Look for signs of damage or bulging. If a battery appears compromised, replace it, and dispose of the old one safely.
- Store safely: Don’t store batteries in hot or confined spaces. Ensure they’re kept in cool, dry places, and away from flammable materials.
- Battery safety lessons: If giving electronic gifts to children, ensure they know the basics of battery safety. This includes not piercing or attempting to open batteries, and always seeking adult assistance when charging.
- Use the right charger: Always use the charger that came with the device, or one that’s approved by the device’s manufacturer. Different devices have different voltage and current requirements, and using the wrong charger can lead to overcharging or overheating. If in doubt, check the accepted wattage and voltage on both the charger and the device.
- Practise proper disposal: Lithium-ion batteries should never be thrown in the regular trash. Check local disposal guidelines or recycling centres that accept these batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries power phones and other devices that life would be unimaginable without today. However, they come with certain risks – and as with any technology, education and awareness are key. By understanding the potential dangers and practising safe usage and handling, we can enjoy our gadgets without compromising our safety – especially during festive seasons like Christmas.